Para el mes pasado mi atención se ha dividido entre Guatemala y el movimiento ocupa en los EE.UU., sobre todo en mi ciudad natal de Nueva York. Por supuesto, sabemos que esta ola de protestas y acciones públicas no se inició en Nueva York. No hubo protestas militantes en Europa, en Egipto, en América Latina, y el pueblo de los EE.UU. se han unido a la ola de descontento. Y sin embargo, la importancia de esta ronda particular de las acciones no puede ser minimizado. Que representa, creo, algo nuevo. Exactamente lo que es algo nuevo, es todavía en proceso.
Así pues, he estado viendo esta a una distancia, más intensamente después de las primeras dos semanas. Parecía como si todos los que conocía en Nueva York estaba ocupando - si no se duerme en Zuccotti Park, a continuación, participar en otras formas.Algunos de mis amigos han visitado casi todos los días desde que empezó. Algunos están participando en los múltiples grupos de trabajo que se han establecido, o hacer un punto de asistir a las Asambleas Generales cada noche, que es donde los grupos de trabajo en el informe, cualquier persona que quiera puede plantear una inquietud, y las decisiones estratégicas se toman por consenso de quien está participando. Otros han venido sólo para las marchas más grandes y las acciones de apoyo.
Amigos en otros lugares - Filadelfia, Colorado - también se han arrojado a este. Y por lo que había empezado la comprobación de varias veces al día, en su mayoría a través de Facebook y el correo electrónico (como muchos de mis amigos están involucrados y que publican con bastante regularidad) y buscando en la web Ocupar Wall Street, y también ver lo que la cobertura de los medios ha sido. Yo estaba en Guatemala durante la primavera árabe llamada. Vi la plaza Tahrir se desarrollan a través de CNN, Al Jazeera y diversas fuentes basadas en la Web, sino que comenzó poco después de que llegué aquí en enero. He visto a los otros movimientos de protesta en los últimos meses. Pero éste era en mi ciudad natal - Yo no nací en Nueva York, pero he vivido allí durante casi 35 años, ya que todos los otros lugares donde he vivido juntos. Y así empecé a sentir como si yo debería tratar de llegar allí.
Hace aproximadamente un mes, había hecho planes (aunque, afortunadamente, que no incluyen la compra de billetes de avión) para ir a Nueva Orleans para el fin de semana del 22 de octubre y 23 para el 50 cumpleaños de un amigo a quien no hemos visto desde 2009. Se trataba de una extravagancia, pero me dijo que no iba a cumplir 50 años de nuevo, y valdría la pena. Él y su esposa se había movido desde que estaba allí por último, a un nuevo apartamento, y aunque sólo hemos encontrado cara a cara un puñado de veces (que eran refugiados del Katrina que se hizo amigo de mi hija en 2005), yo las considero (y sobre todo lo ) muy queridos amigos, y parecía tan feliz cuando me sugirió que yo podría llegar, que me decidí al diablo con todo, yo iba a ir. Después de todo, me dije, es sólo dinero.
Desafortunadamente, mi amigo tuvo que cancelar su celebración, y gracias a Dios me hizo saber antes de que yo había comprado un billete de avión. Por lo tanto, tomé la decisión de fracción de segundo. Como yo tenía ya mentalmente a un lado el dinero para el billete de avión a Nueva Orleans, yo lo uso para ir a Nueva York. He consultado con algunos amigos que han estado activos en Ocupar Wall Street (OWS) para ver si ellos pensaban que todavía podría estar pasando a mi regreso en enero. El clima, por supuesto, sería mucho más frío. Todos dijeron que sí, pero yo todavía pensaba que era importante ir ahora, mientras que el tiempo era un poco más cálido, y antes de que pudiera haber ninguna represalia policial a gran escala.
Me sentí como si yo necesitaba para no ir, porque mi presencia habría ninguna diferencia enorme, y no porque pensé que iba a cambiar mi vida. Pero parecía que esto era una cosa única e importante - una ruptura histórica, uno de mis amigos lo describen, una abertura en la superficie de la política como la hemos conocido. Me pareció importante estar ahí, ya que una de las cosas que parecían tan importante fue la recuperación de los bienes comunes, como Joel Kovel lo expreso cuando me encontré con él en la noche del miércoles cuando estaba a punto de irme de OWS y volver a Brooklyn y luego a Guatemala. Y se sentía como si fuera algo que tenía que ser experimentado, no simplemente a través de los vídeos de Youtube y las actualizaciones de Facebook. No es como si hubiera una escasez de cosas políticamente significativo que estoy haciendo aquí en Guatemala, o la falta de causas y acciones con las que podía afiliarse a mí mismo. Pero esto ocurría en mi país, el vientre de la bestia, y aunque parecía que de alguna manera alejada de las preocupaciones de la gente de aquí, se sentía como lo que hay que hacer.
Así que rápidamente hice planes - que sólo podía ir por un corto tiempo, ya que no quería tomar mucho tiempo lejos de mi investigación y mi diversos compromisos aquí. En noviembre ya tenía dos conferencias fuera del país, y yo tenía previsto visitar Todos Santos Cuchumatán para el Día de Todos los Santos (Noviembre 1, pero la fiesta continuará durante varios días antes y después), por lo que quería no volver a viajes de regreso. Hubo una sesión de entrenamiento para la gente de las radios comunitarias el fin de semana del 22 de octubre y el 23 (me enteré después de la fiesta de cumpleaños había sido cancelada) por lo que fue otro factor.
He consultado con mi hija, como yo quería verla, y ella dijo que el lunes fue su mejor día. Así que registre vuelos y enconte una tarifa barata saliendo el domingo a las 6 pm, de llegar a Nueva York el lunes a las 7 am con un vuelo de vuelta partiendo en la mañana del miércoles. Así invente este plan completamente loco: yo asistir al taller en Xela, el sábado y luego en algún momento domingo conduciría directamente desde Xela hasta el aeropuerto. Eso significaría que sólo 48 horas en Nueva York, una extravagancia, sin duda, pero que me permita cumplir con mis obligaciones aquí y también tener un sabor breve OWS.Y entonces se me ocurrió que yo podría añadir mi granito de arena al hablar de Guatemala. Sabía que había un programa completo de charlas y otras actividades educativas, y algunos de mis amigos estaban en el grupo de educación de trabajo, así que lo que se les propuse.
Sin embargo, debido al mal tiempo, el taller se pospuso hasta el 29 de octubre y 30.¡Maldita sea! Me podría haber pasado más tiempo en Nueva York, mientras yo estaba haciendo el viaje. Miré para vuelos alternativos, pero cambia la reserva habría costado demasiado, así que lo dejé como estaba previsto.
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Friday, October 28, 2011
Why I went to Wall Street
For the past month my attention has been divided between Guatemala and the occupy movement in the U.S., most notably in my home town of New York. Of course, we know that this wave of protests and public actions did not START in New York. There were militant protests in Europe, in Egypt, in Latin America, and the people of the U.S. have joined that wave of discontent. And yet the importance of this specific round of actions cannot be minimized. It does represent, I think, something new. Exactly what that new thing is, is still very much in process.
So, I have been watching this at a distance, more intently after the first two weeks. It seemed as though everyone I knew in New York was occupying -- if not sleeping in Zuccotti Park, then participating in other ways. Some of my friends have visited nearly every day since it started. Some are participating in the multiple working groups that have been established, or make a point of attending the nightly General Assemblies, which are where the working groups report in, anyone who wants to can raise a concern, and strategic decisions get made by consensus of whomever is participating. Others have come only for the larger marches and support actions.
Friends in other places --Philadelphia, Colorado -- have also thrown themselves into this. And so I'd begun checking in several times a day, mostly via Facebook and email (as so many of my friends are involved and they post pretty regularly) and looking at the Occupy Wall Street website, and also looking at what the media coverage has been. I was in Guatemala during the so-called Arab spring. I watched Tahrir Square unfold via CNN, Al Jazeera and various web-based sources; it started shortly after I arrived here in January. I have watched the other protest movements over the past several months. But this one was in my home town -- I was not born in New York but I have lived there for nearly 35 years, longer than all of the other places I have lived put together. And so I started to feel as though I should try and get there.
About a month ago, I had made plans (although fortunately that did not include purchasing plane tickets) to go to New Orleans for the weekend of October 22 and 23 for the 50th birthday of a friend whom I haven't seen since 2009. It was an extravagance but I told myself he wasn't going to turn 50 again, and it would be worth it. He and his wife had moved since I was there last, into a new apartment, and although we have only met face to face a handful of times (they were Katrina refugees who befriended my daughter in 2005), I consider them (and him especially) very dear friends, and he seemed so happy when I suggested that I might come, that I decided the hell with everything, I was going to go. After all, I told myself, it's only money.
Unfortunately, my friend had to cancel his celebration, and thankfully he let me know before I had purchased a plane ticket. So, I made a split second decision. Since I had already mentally put aside the money for the plane ticket to New Orleans, I would use it to go to New York. I consulted with some friends who have been active in Occupy Wall Street (OWS) to see if they thought it might still be going on when I returned in January. The weather, of course, would be much colder. They all said yes, but I still thought it was important to go now, while the weather was somewhat warmer, and before there might be any large-scale police reprisal.
I felt as though I needed to go not because my presence would make any huge difference, and not because I thought going would change my life. But it seemed as though this was a unique and significant thing --a historic rupture, one of my friends described it, an opening in the surface of politics as we have known them. It seemed important to be there, since one of the things that seemed so important was the reclaiming of the commons, as Joel Kovel put it when I ran into him on Wednesday evening as I was getting ready to leave OWS and head back to Brooklyn and then to Guatemala. And it felt as though it was something that had to be experienced, not simply via Youtube videos and Facebook updates. It's not as though I have any shortage of politically meaningful things I am doing here in Guatemala, or a lack of causes and actions with which I could affiliate myself. But this was taking place in my country, the belly of the beast, and although it seemed in some ways remote from the concerns of people here, it felt like the right thing to do.
So quickly I made plans --I could only go for a short time, as I did not want to take a lot of time away from my research and my various commitments here. In November I already had two conferences out of the country, and I had planned to visit Todos Santos Cuchumatan for All Saints's Day (November 1, but the festivities go on for several days before and after), so I wanted to not have back to back trips. There was a training session for people in community radio the weekend of October 22 and 23 (I learned about it after the birthday celebration had been canceled) so that was another factor.
I consulted with my daughter, as I wanted to see her, and she said Monday was her best day. So I checked flights and found a cheap fare leaving Sunday at 6, arriving in New York on Monday at 7 a.m. with a return flight departing on Wednesday morning. So I came up with this completely insane plan: I would attend the workshop in Xela on Saturday and then sometime Sunday would drive straight from Xela to the airport. That would mean only 48 hours in New York, an extravagance, certainly, but that would allow me to fulfill my obligations here and also have a brief taste of OWS.
And then it occurred to me that I could add my grain of sand by talking about Guatemala. I knew there was a full schedule of talks and other educational activities, and a few of my friends were on the education working group, so I proposed it to them.
However, due to the weather, the workshop was postponed until October 29 and 30. Damn! I could have spent more time in New York, as long as I was making the trip. I looked for alternate flights but changing the reservation would have cost too much, so I left it as originally scheduled.
Sunday, October 23, 2011
Hablar (o no) sobre la raza: el privilegio y el silencio
"Todos somos guatemaltecos". "El uso de estas categorías, ladinos o mayas, solamente nos divide. Todos somos parte de Guatemala." Viernes, 21 de octubre, pasé la mayor parte del día en un conversatorio (la palabra no aparece en ningún diccionario que se puede encontrar, pero que parece significar algo entre un diálogo y un coloquio) sobre la construcción de un estado pluricultural. Pluriculturalidad parece ser el término preferido en vez de "multicultural", lo que implica, creo, la pluralidad y el pluralismo, así como múltiples (números absolutos) - plural para estar abierto a las diferentes expresiones e ideas y valores, diferentes sistemas culturales, no sólo diferentes sabores de personas se reunieron bajo una rúbrica única, hegemónica. Por lo menos así es como yo lo interpreto basado en el uso.Voy a escribir con más detalle sobre el conversatorio y su contenido, pero me llamó la atención la molestia recurrente en el reconocimiento de la diferencia, que impregnaba el discurso de los guatemaltecos no indígenas. La audiencia de este evento fue predominantemente Maya (había dos mujeres que se identifican como garífunas y un hombre que se identificó como Xinca), de todo el país, con tal vez un 20-25% de los asistentes ladinos / ladinas. Yo no he hecho un recuento, pero esa fue mi impresión. Varios profesionales ladinas (en su mayoría mujeres) hablaron, y cada uno de ellas dijo, en esencia, algo muy similar. Sí, hemos tenido historias diferentes, pero si seguimos haciendo hincapié en lo que nos diferencia, no podemos unirnos. Tenemos que unirnos para construir un país democrático. Todos somos guatemaltecos, no debería utilizar etiquetas como maya o indígenas y ladinos, pero somos todos guatemaltecos. Una mujer, de Alta Verapaz, dijo que había sido víctima de discriminación porque era ladina y que cuando fue a la oficina de la Procuraduría de Derechos Humanos o PDH para reportar el incidente, se le dijo que que tendría que ir a Guatemala para denunciar el incidente, que no podían manejar la demanda allí porque su oficina se creó para manejar los abusos de derechos humanos y la discriminación contra los indígenas. Estas fueron todas las personas que parecían estar comprometidos a trabajar por el bien público, sino que trabajaban en organismos públicos u organizaciones no gubernamentales, y claramente se preocupa lo suficiente como para tomar un día y lo gastar en el conversatorio.
Pero esto me pareció que era una versión guatemalteca de los argumentos de "post racialidad" que yo solía escuchar en Cuba: "ser cubano es más que ser blanco o negro". Pero no quiero dar a entender que este es un problema guatemalteco o cubano. Esto impregna los EE.UU. - con las afirmaciones sobre racismo a la inversa, o fantasías que vivimos en una América post-racial. O el tipo de comentarios que encuentro entre mis estudiantes blancos en Massachusetts, que a menudo exhiben o articular impaciencia cuando el tema de la raza viene. Lo tratan como algo que pertenece al pasado, un problema que ya ha sido resuelto, y con frecuencia son visiblemente molesto o incómodo cuando les obligo a hablar de ello. "Eso fue en la generación de nuestros padres, pero tratamos a todos por lo mismo ahora. Nadie es racista por más tiempo." Por lo general tranquilamente traigo ejemplos específicos de la manera en que raza, no obstante nuestra preferencia de no admitirlo, todavía forma la experiencia social de los individuos, y doy respaldo a los estudiantes de color que hablan a este desafío. Pero esto es algo que he discutido muchas veces con amigos y familiares - cómo la gente con privilegios, incluso los que se estilo tan radical o progresista - a menudo ir muy lejos para negar que exista privilegio. Se ha vuelto tan naturalizada, quizás, que es invisible para ellos.
Por lo tanto, es interesante observar cómo penetrar en el mercado "post-racial" o "no racial" o "discriminación inversa" es el discurso en Guatemala. La ponente, que es una mujer mestiza de Bolivia, con calma respondió a por lo menos uno de estos comentarios al hablar sobre el poder y la desigualdad, y diciendo que las diferencias que reconocer, no ignorado, con el fin de avanzar, pero que reconocer las diferencias no significa reificar ellos. Y varios de los participantes Maya también respondieron, diciendo que ellos no tuvieron plena ciudadanía en la nación.
Estos son, por supuesto, los "buenos" ladinos / ladinas - y con esto me refiero a los que se consideran progresistas, de mente abierta, interesados en mejorar la suerte de la mayoría indígena. Tal vez algunos aún se ven como "ladinas solidarias". Uno sólo puede imaginar lo que los "otros" ladinos y ladinas hablan detrás de puertas cerradas. No tengo mucho contacto con los ladinos, así que no puedo hablar por experiencia personal profunda.
Sin embargo, he oído un comentario casual de un conocido ladina, propietario de un negocio en Santa Cruz. Estuvimos charlando sobre la artesanía, específicamente tejidas a mano prendas de vestir, y la mencioné algo acerca de lo difícil que era para la gente de ganar dinero mediante la venta de artesanías, porque muy pocas personas en los EE.UU., por ejemplo, estaban dispuestos a pagar un precio justo por los artículos tejidos a mano cuando podría comprar de aspecto similar artículos que fueron producidos en masa en China. Ella respondió, con un conocimiento medio-sonrisa, "Oh, pero muchos de los mayas están aprovechando de esto, y cobrar precios altos, y hacer un montón de dinero con la artesanía."Sólo hizo una leve respuesta, diciendo que yo no creo que nadie fue capaz de hacer un montón de dinero con la artesanía.
Yo no tenía una respuesta más nítida durante un par de razones. Una de ellas es que yo no conozco a esta mujer así, si fuera alguien a quien yo consideraba mi amigo me habría sentido con más fuerza de empujar la discusión más allá. La otra es que los empleados de su negocio son las mujeres mayas, y que tienen que lidiar con ella todos los días. Me preocupaba que si decía algo más duro para ella, y si realmente tuvimos una discusión (lo que habría sido bastante inevitable, creo que la mayoría de los dueños de negocios en las zonas de mayoría maya, que son ladinos, tienen profundas opiniones sobre los mayas, y un conversación con un visitante extranjero no va a sacudir los prejuicios), que sería capaz de a pie, y decidir si se continúa a patrocinar su negocio o no. Pero sus empleados no pueden irse, y puede ser que los que sufren las consecuencias. Así que mi piel blanca y mi condición de extranjera me confiere una especie de privilegio de la confrontación - y el privilegio de ser capaz de alejarse de la situación.
Mi reticencia se debió en parte por una conversación unos días antes en una conferencia de antropología en la universidad. En mi presentación, hablé de haber sido testigo de una clara violación de los derechos humanos y legales, cuando el COCODE (Consejo de Desarrollo Comunitario) en la comunidad de Doña Fermina obligó a la asociación de mujeres que se vote fuera de existencia. Alguien me preguntó si mi decisión de no enfrentar la situación era una especie de complicidad. Le contesté que yo había pedido Doña Fermina lo que ella quería que yo hiciera, que parecía la respuesta adecuada, ya que fue su comunidad, su asociación y no la mía. Alguien en el público - Beatriz, una profesora de historia - hecho el punto de que si una denuncia y hubo una reacción, las mujeres de la comunidad serían los que llevan la carga, no yo.
Pero está claro que queda mucho por hacer - lo que, exactamente, no estoy seguro - para impulsar la discusión más allá de un punto muerto.
Visual imagery and rhetoric of the campaign
So now we are in the second round of presidential campaigning and the two candidates have made new billboards and posters. Manuel Baldizon's billboards are almost all just a photo of him, with some text. "Vamos hacia un futuro mejor" (we are going toward a better future) is the most common slogan. However, the angle of the photograph is different -- and by the way, the photographs are just of his face. In the earlier posters and billboards, he was looking slightly upwards, so the angle of the camera seemed to be just a little bit below his chin. He looked, a friend thought, like Buddy Holly. Now, in the new billboards, the camera is level with his face and he is looking straight forward. But there are no other people in the photos -- just Baldizon. Not even his running mate. Curious about what this represents in terms of a strategy -- just slam the candidate's face everywhere?
Otto Pérez Molina, on the other hand, and his running mate Roxanne Baldetti, have billboards that are intended to show the warm and fuzzy side of each of them. In one billboard photo, Pérez Molina stands smiling, embracing two young Maya girls, one on each side. I don't remember what the slogan is; the image itself is enough to make me vomit. Here, someone who supervised genocide in Maya communities, whose soldiers raped and tortured and murdered Maya women, presenting himself as the great friend and protector of Maya females (note that they are girls and not women; not sure how much to read into that). In another billboard, he is surrounded by 4 or 5 young people, mostly wearing casual clothes but I think there is one young woman in traje típico. I have only seen these billboards along the highways where there is not really any place to pull over and take a closer look. This one talks about opportunity and education. Then there is one billboard of Roxanne Baldetti also surrounded by Maya females -- but in her photo, there is one woman with a baby strapped around her back, and then girls of different ages. So clearly they are trying to present themselves as the ones who will take care of the Maya.
Then in today's paper, there was an article noting that Pérez Molina has announced that if elected he will work on behalf of Guatemala migrants in the U.S. This should have some resonance (I am not sure he or any president will actually DO anything, mind you) in light of this week's news announcing the number of Guatemalan deportees from the U.S. Since so many people have migrant relatives, and everyone knows that the U.S. economy is not in good shape, improving conditions for migrants will strike a chord for many people.
Of course, I hope that people see through the smokescreen of Pérez Molina's rhetoric. Not that I think Baldizon is any kind of knight on a white horse, but at least his hands are not drenched in the blood of the people of the altiplano.
Otto Pérez Molina, on the other hand, and his running mate Roxanne Baldetti, have billboards that are intended to show the warm and fuzzy side of each of them. In one billboard photo, Pérez Molina stands smiling, embracing two young Maya girls, one on each side. I don't remember what the slogan is; the image itself is enough to make me vomit. Here, someone who supervised genocide in Maya communities, whose soldiers raped and tortured and murdered Maya women, presenting himself as the great friend and protector of Maya females (note that they are girls and not women; not sure how much to read into that). In another billboard, he is surrounded by 4 or 5 young people, mostly wearing casual clothes but I think there is one young woman in traje típico. I have only seen these billboards along the highways where there is not really any place to pull over and take a closer look. This one talks about opportunity and education. Then there is one billboard of Roxanne Baldetti also surrounded by Maya females -- but in her photo, there is one woman with a baby strapped around her back, and then girls of different ages. So clearly they are trying to present themselves as the ones who will take care of the Maya.
Then in today's paper, there was an article noting that Pérez Molina has announced that if elected he will work on behalf of Guatemala migrants in the U.S. This should have some resonance (I am not sure he or any president will actually DO anything, mind you) in light of this week's news announcing the number of Guatemalan deportees from the U.S. Since so many people have migrant relatives, and everyone knows that the U.S. economy is not in good shape, improving conditions for migrants will strike a chord for many people.
Of course, I hope that people see through the smokescreen of Pérez Molina's rhetoric. Not that I think Baldizon is any kind of knight on a white horse, but at least his hands are not drenched in the blood of the people of the altiplano.
Saturday, October 22, 2011
Talking race (2): If you're new to this blog or to Guatemala
Just a quick glossary of racial/ethnic terms.
Maya: The majority of Guatemala's population are Maya. There are 22 Maya linguistic communities (this is the figure used by the Academy of Maya Languages of Guatemala, although in everyday conversation one often hears 21 or 23). Until the 1970s people did not use the term "Maya" as a self-description. They often identified by their specific linguistic community (k'iche' or q'eq'chi, for example) or as campesinos (peasants) or naturales.
Indigenous (indígena): This is sometimes used as a synonym for Maya (which some Maya activist and intellectual friends of mine reject), and sometimes used as a general term that includes both Maya and the smaller Xinca and Garifuna communities.
Xinca: A relatively small indigenous population concentrated in the southern part of Guatemala (the most heavily Maya areas are in the western highlands).
Garifuna: The Garifuna are descended from Western African slaves brought to Central America, who
"mixed" with indigenous people.
Ladino/ladina: Usually refers to Guatemalans who are not "pure" descendants of the Spanish, but who have some Maya ancestry (often relegated to a distant past). But it is often used by Maya to describe any Guatemalans who is not indigenous. People sometimes use the terms blanco or blanca, when talking among themselves (or in predominantly Maya groups). The k'iche' word kaxlan (derived from the Spanish word castellano) sometimes refers to any outsiders (including foreigners) and sometimes specifically to ladinos and ladinas.
Maya: The majority of Guatemala's population are Maya. There are 22 Maya linguistic communities (this is the figure used by the Academy of Maya Languages of Guatemala, although in everyday conversation one often hears 21 or 23). Until the 1970s people did not use the term "Maya" as a self-description. They often identified by their specific linguistic community (k'iche' or q'eq'chi, for example) or as campesinos (peasants) or naturales.
Indigenous (indígena): This is sometimes used as a synonym for Maya (which some Maya activist and intellectual friends of mine reject), and sometimes used as a general term that includes both Maya and the smaller Xinca and Garifuna communities.
Xinca: A relatively small indigenous population concentrated in the southern part of Guatemala (the most heavily Maya areas are in the western highlands).
Garifuna: The Garifuna are descended from Western African slaves brought to Central America, who
"mixed" with indigenous people.
Ladino/ladina: Usually refers to Guatemalans who are not "pure" descendants of the Spanish, but who have some Maya ancestry (often relegated to a distant past). But it is often used by Maya to describe any Guatemalans who is not indigenous. People sometimes use the terms blanco or blanca, when talking among themselves (or in predominantly Maya groups). The k'iche' word kaxlan (derived from the Spanish word castellano) sometimes refers to any outsiders (including foreigners) and sometimes specifically to ladinos and ladinas.
Talking (or not) about race: privilege and silence
"We're all Guatemalans." "Using these categories, Ladino or Maya, just divides us. We're all part of Guatemala." Friday, October 21, I spent most of the day in a conversatorio (the word doesn't appear in any dictionaries I can find, but it seems to mean something between a dialogue and a colloquium) about constructing a pluricultural state. Pluriculturality seems to be the term preferred over "multicultural", implying, I think, plurality or pluralism as well as multiples (sheer numbers) -- pluralistic in being open to different expressions and ideas and values, different cultural systems, not simply many different flavors of people gathered under a single, hegemonic rubric. At least that is how I interpret it based on use.
I will write at more length about the conversatorio and its content, but I was struck by the recurrent discomfort in acknowledging difference, which permeated the discourse of non-indigenous Guatemalans. The audience for this event was predominantly Maya (there were two women who identified as Garifuna and one man who identified himself as Xinca), from throughout the country, with maybe 20-25% of those in attendance being ladino/ladina. I didn't do a count, but that was my impression. Several ladina professionals (mostly women) spoke, and each of them said, in essence, something very similar. Yes, we have had different histories, but if we keep emphasizing what differentiates us, we cannot unite. We need to unite to build a democratic country. We are all Guatemalans, we shouldn't use labels like maya or indigenous and ladino, but we are all Guatemalans. One woman, from Alta Verapaz, said that she had been discriminated against because she was ladina and that when she went to the office of the Attorney General for Human Rights (Procuradoría de Derechos Humanos or PDH) to report the incident, she was told that she would have to go to Guatemala to report the incident, that they could not handle the complaint there because their office was set up to handle human rights abuses and discrimination against indigenous people. These were all people who seemed to be committed to working for the public good; they all worked in public agencies or NGOs, and clearly were concerned enough to take a day and spend it in the conversatorio.
But this struck me as being a Guatemala version of the "post racial" arguments that I used to hear in Cuba: "being Cuban is more than being black or white." But I don't want to imply that this is a Guatemalan or a Cuban problem. This permeates the U.S. -- with claims about reverse racism, or fantasies that we live in a post-racial America. Or the kinds of comments I find among my white students in Massachusetts, who often exhibit or articulate impatience when the subject of race comes up. They treat it as something that belongs to the past, a problem that has already been solved, and they are often visibly annoyed or uncomfortable when I force them to talk about it. "That was in our parents' generation but we treat everyone the same now. No one is racist any longer." I usually calmly bring in specific examples of the way race, as much as we would rather not admit it, still shapes individuals' social experience, and back up the students of color who speak up to challenge this. But this is something that I have discussed often with friends and family -- how people with privilege, even ones who style themselves as radical or progressive -- often to go great lengths to deny that privilege exists. It has become so naturalized, perhaps, that it is invisible to them.
So, it was interesting to observe how pervasive the "post-racial" or "non-racial" or "reverse discrimination" discourse is in Guatemala. The speaker, who is a mestiza woman from Bolivia, calmly responded to at least one of these comments by talking about power and inequality, and saying that the differences had to be acknowledged, not ignored, in order to move forward, but that acknowledging differences didn't mean reifying them. And several of the Maya participants also responded, saying that they did not experience complete citizenship in the nation.
These are, of course, the "good" ladinos/ladinas -- and by that I mean the ones who see themselves as progressive, open-minded, interested in improving the lot of the indigenous majority. Maybe some even see themselves as "ladinas solidarias". One can only imagine what the "other" Ladinos and Ladinas talk about behind closed doors. I do not have a lot of contact with Ladinos, so I cannot speak from deep personal experience here.
However, I did hear a chance comment from a ladina acquaintance, a business owner in Santa Cruz. We were chatting about handicrafts, specifically hand-woven garments, and I mentioned something about how hard it was for people to make money by selling handicrafts because very few people in the U.S., for example, were willing to pay a fair price for hand-woven items when they could buy similar-looking items that were mass produced in China. She responded, with a knowing half-smirk, "Oh, but a lot of the Maya are now taking advantage of this, and charging high prices, and making a lot of money off handicrafts." I only made a mild reply, saying that I did not think that anyone was able to make a lot of money off crafts.
I did not make a sharper response for a couple of reasons. One is that I do not know this woman well; if she were someone I considered a friend I would have felt more strongly about pushing the discussion farther. The other is that the employees in her business are Maya women, and they have to deal with her every day. I worried that if I said something more harsh to her, and if we really got into an argument (which would have been pretty inevitable; I think most ladino business owners in majority-maya areas, have deeply held views on the maya, and one conversation with a foreign visitor is not going to shake their prejudices), I would be able to walk away, and decide whether to continue to patronize her business or not. But her employees cannot walk away, and they might be ones who bear the consequences. So my white skin and my status as a foreigner confers a kind of privilege of confrontation -- and the privilege of being able to walk away from the situation.
My reticence was prompted in part by a conversation a few days earlier at an anthropology conference at the university. In my presentation, I talked about having witnessed a clear legal and human rights violation when the COCODE (Community Development Council) in Doña Fermina's community forced the women's association to vote itself out of existence. Someone asked if my decision to not confront the situation was a kind of complicity. I replied that I had asked Doña Fermina what she wanted me to do, which seemed the appropriate response since it was her community, her association and not mine. Someone else in the audience -- Beatriz, a professor in history -- made the point that if I registered a complaint and there were a backlash, the women in the community would be the ones to bear the burden, not me.
But it is clear that a lot needs to be done -- what, exactly, I am not sure -- to push the discussion beyond a stalemate.
I will write at more length about the conversatorio and its content, but I was struck by the recurrent discomfort in acknowledging difference, which permeated the discourse of non-indigenous Guatemalans. The audience for this event was predominantly Maya (there were two women who identified as Garifuna and one man who identified himself as Xinca), from throughout the country, with maybe 20-25% of those in attendance being ladino/ladina. I didn't do a count, but that was my impression. Several ladina professionals (mostly women) spoke, and each of them said, in essence, something very similar. Yes, we have had different histories, but if we keep emphasizing what differentiates us, we cannot unite. We need to unite to build a democratic country. We are all Guatemalans, we shouldn't use labels like maya or indigenous and ladino, but we are all Guatemalans. One woman, from Alta Verapaz, said that she had been discriminated against because she was ladina and that when she went to the office of the Attorney General for Human Rights (Procuradoría de Derechos Humanos or PDH) to report the incident, she was told that she would have to go to Guatemala to report the incident, that they could not handle the complaint there because their office was set up to handle human rights abuses and discrimination against indigenous people. These were all people who seemed to be committed to working for the public good; they all worked in public agencies or NGOs, and clearly were concerned enough to take a day and spend it in the conversatorio.
But this struck me as being a Guatemala version of the "post racial" arguments that I used to hear in Cuba: "being Cuban is more than being black or white." But I don't want to imply that this is a Guatemalan or a Cuban problem. This permeates the U.S. -- with claims about reverse racism, or fantasies that we live in a post-racial America. Or the kinds of comments I find among my white students in Massachusetts, who often exhibit or articulate impatience when the subject of race comes up. They treat it as something that belongs to the past, a problem that has already been solved, and they are often visibly annoyed or uncomfortable when I force them to talk about it. "That was in our parents' generation but we treat everyone the same now. No one is racist any longer." I usually calmly bring in specific examples of the way race, as much as we would rather not admit it, still shapes individuals' social experience, and back up the students of color who speak up to challenge this. But this is something that I have discussed often with friends and family -- how people with privilege, even ones who style themselves as radical or progressive -- often to go great lengths to deny that privilege exists. It has become so naturalized, perhaps, that it is invisible to them.
So, it was interesting to observe how pervasive the "post-racial" or "non-racial" or "reverse discrimination" discourse is in Guatemala. The speaker, who is a mestiza woman from Bolivia, calmly responded to at least one of these comments by talking about power and inequality, and saying that the differences had to be acknowledged, not ignored, in order to move forward, but that acknowledging differences didn't mean reifying them. And several of the Maya participants also responded, saying that they did not experience complete citizenship in the nation.
These are, of course, the "good" ladinos/ladinas -- and by that I mean the ones who see themselves as progressive, open-minded, interested in improving the lot of the indigenous majority. Maybe some even see themselves as "ladinas solidarias". One can only imagine what the "other" Ladinos and Ladinas talk about behind closed doors. I do not have a lot of contact with Ladinos, so I cannot speak from deep personal experience here.
However, I did hear a chance comment from a ladina acquaintance, a business owner in Santa Cruz. We were chatting about handicrafts, specifically hand-woven garments, and I mentioned something about how hard it was for people to make money by selling handicrafts because very few people in the U.S., for example, were willing to pay a fair price for hand-woven items when they could buy similar-looking items that were mass produced in China. She responded, with a knowing half-smirk, "Oh, but a lot of the Maya are now taking advantage of this, and charging high prices, and making a lot of money off handicrafts." I only made a mild reply, saying that I did not think that anyone was able to make a lot of money off crafts.
I did not make a sharper response for a couple of reasons. One is that I do not know this woman well; if she were someone I considered a friend I would have felt more strongly about pushing the discussion farther. The other is that the employees in her business are Maya women, and they have to deal with her every day. I worried that if I said something more harsh to her, and if we really got into an argument (which would have been pretty inevitable; I think most ladino business owners in majority-maya areas, have deeply held views on the maya, and one conversation with a foreign visitor is not going to shake their prejudices), I would be able to walk away, and decide whether to continue to patronize her business or not. But her employees cannot walk away, and they might be ones who bear the consequences. So my white skin and my status as a foreigner confers a kind of privilege of confrontation -- and the privilege of being able to walk away from the situation.
My reticence was prompted in part by a conversation a few days earlier at an anthropology conference at the university. In my presentation, I talked about having witnessed a clear legal and human rights violation when the COCODE (Community Development Council) in Doña Fermina's community forced the women's association to vote itself out of existence. Someone asked if my decision to not confront the situation was a kind of complicity. I replied that I had asked Doña Fermina what she wanted me to do, which seemed the appropriate response since it was her community, her association and not mine. Someone else in the audience -- Beatriz, a professor in history -- made the point that if I registered a complaint and there were a backlash, the women in the community would be the ones to bear the burden, not me.
But it is clear that a lot needs to be done -- what, exactly, I am not sure -- to push the discussion beyond a stalemate.
Friday, October 21, 2011
Snapshots of rural poverty
Every time I traverse one of the highways in Guatemala, I notice the people standing, waiting for buses or some other transport. A woman stands with several baskets arrayed on the ground. A child stands near her. A man emphatically talks into his cell phone while keeping an eye on the highway. The weather has been rainy, and then clear and cold, but women are all bare legged, and often have towels, blankets, or shawls wrapped around their upper bodies, to keep warm.
On the one hand, we might look at these people, and the women especially, and notice the disjuncture between the handwoven skirts and güipiles and the factory-made, mass-produced makeshift shawls. On the other, we might realize that people take what is available and adapt it to their needs. Mass-produced clothing or household items such as fleece blankets or socks are widely available throughout Guatemala. Some are manufactured in Central America (undoubtedly in maquiladoras) and others are imported from China and elsewhere. And so international commerce, the market, may make certain things more readily available for people (a hand woven blanket would undoubtedly cost much more than a mass-produced one), but at the same time undermine local economies (I haven't looked into this but am speculating: obviously people used something to cover themselves before these fleece and polyester or acrylic blankets were available).
There is also a kind of stolidness and weariness on people's faces as they wait. Especially over the last week as there have been heavy rains and landslides... but people have to travel, to go to market to sell their goods, or purchase things that they will bring back and sell. Long lonely waits are an inescapable fact of life in the highlands.
And lonely the highways are. I don't think I've yet written about the complete lack of traffic in the highlands. Once I get past the congestion of Chimaltenango, which extends part of the way to Tecpan, the next sizeable town, there is very sparse traffic up to Los Encuentros. There are clusters of traffic near where highways intersect and around towns, but otherwise I often drive for stretches of several kilometers and only see a handful of vehicles in either direction.
Back to clothing: a lot of women around here wear t-shirts and cortes. A friend from Ixmukané commented on this one day when we were talking about clothing -- I think it was at an event where I had worn a güipil over a dress, and she remarked that I had on a güipil while she was wearing a t-shirt. We laughed, and then she said something that I already knew, which was the güipiles were relatively expensive -- especially those of Chichicastenango which have elaborate woven or embroidered designs -- or both. So this is not necessarily a "look" born out of choice, or a desire to be half "western" and half Maya in one's attire, but a reflection of the practicalities and exigencies of rural women's lives. And so if they have to choose which half of their attire they will keep "traditional", it is the skirt. On the other hand, my clothing choice -- a güipil over a "western" clothing item, is hardly an original one. Many ladina professional women, particularly academics and people who work with NGOs (and perhaps some of these women are Maya as well; can't tell by appearances) dress this way -- a beautifully woven güipil over jeans, trousers, or a skirt. The other day I was at a large gathering organized by an NGO and nearly all of the female staff members wore güipiles over pants.
There are a few images that spell out or define rural poverty for me. One is the children, some as young as four or five, or old women and men, who carry heavy loads of firewood on their backs, the strap held across their foreheads. Often there are two or three children together; sometimes they are accompanying adults, the entire family group trudging along with loads of wood. A few times I have seen people in town in the early morning, looking for vendors for their wood. I think, "those children should be in school", but of course, the families need the money, otherwise, why would they all be out at 6:30 or 7 in the morning?
Another image that symbolizes rural poverty are women washing their clothes in the ditches alongside the highway. I have only seen this on the highway that runs from Santa Cruz to Totonicapan, a stretch of road that is very sparsely traveled, and there are few towns along the way, just clusters of settlements. The road is relatively new, and there are sloped cement ditches on both sides, so that the rains will run off and not flood the road surface. In the last couple of weeks, as the rains have been fairly heavy, there is a lot of runoff in the ditches, and women from the surrounding areas come out to wash their laundry in the ditches. This, to me, is an indicator of rural poverty because it means that these women do not have running water in their homes-- if they did, why would they bring their laundry out onto the side of a public highway to wash it? In other areas, I have seen women washing clothes in streams alongside highways, and I see a lot of laundry laid out to dry on the grass alongside highways, or hung along ences that run alongside the road.
I do not have photos to accompany this blog. Every time I see people carrying wood, or washing clothes in the ditches, something stops me. I do not want to either sensationalize these people, dehumanize them by turning them into objects, or "naturalize" these conditions. It seems to me that the only way to ethically represent them would be to stop, converse, explain who I am and what I am doing, and then ask if would be alright to photograph them and share their photographs. I have not had a chance to do that, and so I have refrained from taking photographs.
These may seem like small details, hardly earth shattering revelations, but these kinds of everyday occurrences become so commonplace sometimes that we don't really even see them.
On the one hand, we might look at these people, and the women especially, and notice the disjuncture between the handwoven skirts and güipiles and the factory-made, mass-produced makeshift shawls. On the other, we might realize that people take what is available and adapt it to their needs. Mass-produced clothing or household items such as fleece blankets or socks are widely available throughout Guatemala. Some are manufactured in Central America (undoubtedly in maquiladoras) and others are imported from China and elsewhere. And so international commerce, the market, may make certain things more readily available for people (a hand woven blanket would undoubtedly cost much more than a mass-produced one), but at the same time undermine local economies (I haven't looked into this but am speculating: obviously people used something to cover themselves before these fleece and polyester or acrylic blankets were available).
There is also a kind of stolidness and weariness on people's faces as they wait. Especially over the last week as there have been heavy rains and landslides... but people have to travel, to go to market to sell their goods, or purchase things that they will bring back and sell. Long lonely waits are an inescapable fact of life in the highlands.
And lonely the highways are. I don't think I've yet written about the complete lack of traffic in the highlands. Once I get past the congestion of Chimaltenango, which extends part of the way to Tecpan, the next sizeable town, there is very sparse traffic up to Los Encuentros. There are clusters of traffic near where highways intersect and around towns, but otherwise I often drive for stretches of several kilometers and only see a handful of vehicles in either direction.
Back to clothing: a lot of women around here wear t-shirts and cortes. A friend from Ixmukané commented on this one day when we were talking about clothing -- I think it was at an event where I had worn a güipil over a dress, and she remarked that I had on a güipil while she was wearing a t-shirt. We laughed, and then she said something that I already knew, which was the güipiles were relatively expensive -- especially those of Chichicastenango which have elaborate woven or embroidered designs -- or both. So this is not necessarily a "look" born out of choice, or a desire to be half "western" and half Maya in one's attire, but a reflection of the practicalities and exigencies of rural women's lives. And so if they have to choose which half of their attire they will keep "traditional", it is the skirt. On the other hand, my clothing choice -- a güipil over a "western" clothing item, is hardly an original one. Many ladina professional women, particularly academics and people who work with NGOs (and perhaps some of these women are Maya as well; can't tell by appearances) dress this way -- a beautifully woven güipil over jeans, trousers, or a skirt. The other day I was at a large gathering organized by an NGO and nearly all of the female staff members wore güipiles over pants.
There are a few images that spell out or define rural poverty for me. One is the children, some as young as four or five, or old women and men, who carry heavy loads of firewood on their backs, the strap held across their foreheads. Often there are two or three children together; sometimes they are accompanying adults, the entire family group trudging along with loads of wood. A few times I have seen people in town in the early morning, looking for vendors for their wood. I think, "those children should be in school", but of course, the families need the money, otherwise, why would they all be out at 6:30 or 7 in the morning?
Another image that symbolizes rural poverty are women washing their clothes in the ditches alongside the highway. I have only seen this on the highway that runs from Santa Cruz to Totonicapan, a stretch of road that is very sparsely traveled, and there are few towns along the way, just clusters of settlements. The road is relatively new, and there are sloped cement ditches on both sides, so that the rains will run off and not flood the road surface. In the last couple of weeks, as the rains have been fairly heavy, there is a lot of runoff in the ditches, and women from the surrounding areas come out to wash their laundry in the ditches. This, to me, is an indicator of rural poverty because it means that these women do not have running water in their homes-- if they did, why would they bring their laundry out onto the side of a public highway to wash it? In other areas, I have seen women washing clothes in streams alongside highways, and I see a lot of laundry laid out to dry on the grass alongside highways, or hung along ences that run alongside the road.
I do not have photos to accompany this blog. Every time I see people carrying wood, or washing clothes in the ditches, something stops me. I do not want to either sensationalize these people, dehumanize them by turning them into objects, or "naturalize" these conditions. It seems to me that the only way to ethically represent them would be to stop, converse, explain who I am and what I am doing, and then ask if would be alright to photograph them and share their photographs. I have not had a chance to do that, and so I have refrained from taking photographs.
These may seem like small details, hardly earth shattering revelations, but these kinds of everyday occurrences become so commonplace sometimes that we don't really even see them.
Wednesday, October 19, 2011
La Universidad Libre y la radio comunitaria - o, todavía loco después de todos estos años
Fue un fin de semana muy emocionante en Xela, en los términos del intercambio de ideas con mis queridos amigos y compañeros. No tuve que hacer todo lo que había soñado o planeado: Yo quería ver el nuevo lugar de la discoteca gay, pero no, los planes para reunirse con los compañeros y tomar unos tragos para celebrar sobrevivir a la lluvia y nuestra amistad no se materializó (en su mayoría a causa de la lluvia), por lo que no tocó el medio galón de kuxa que he traído conmigo. En cambio, he pasado sábado por la noche acurrucada en un sofá en la casa de Humberto leyendo.Pero hemos inventado tantas esquemas maravillosas y locas que yo soy extremadamente excitado, pero también un poco preocupada de que pudieran hacerse cargo de mi vida. Por lo tanto, hago aquí una promesa y una súplica: Creo que tengo mi plato lleno. Ahora tengo alrededor de 4 proyectos en Guatemala, y que va a tener que ser por un tiempo. Estos son mis proyectos activistas, no de investigación (aunque los dos primeros están relacionados con mi investigación). Voy a detallar, más adelante, lo que son (en breve, son: (1) de la radio comunitaria, (2) continuar trabajando con las dos mujeres mayas que llegaron a ser candidatos (3) armar una cooperativa para comprar tierras y establecer una granja orgánica, (4) la "universidad libre" - lo cual discuto en esta entrada del blog). Pero no puedo asumir algo más de sustancia. Y así, mis amigos que lean esto, tienen permiso para mí justo al revés de la cabeza ("partirme la cara"?), me recomienda que entrar en un programa de 12 pasos, o de otra manera intervenir si empiezo a hablar de otro proyecto en Guatemala. ¿De acuerdo?Mi razón original para ir a Xela este fin de semana fue que dos amigos se habían propuesto hacer un "diplomado" (lo que significa una especie de curso de formación especializada, en la final de la cual se obtiene algún tipo de certificado o diploma) sobre la diversidad sexual. Yo no soy un experto en esto, pero yo había estado muy inspirada, por decirlo suavemente, por el movimiento de la diversidad sexual en Xela y hace unas semanas, el fin de semana me vino a Xela para hacer la cena de Rosh Hashonah con mis amigos, También hice una entrevista con algunos de los miembros de Idso (Iniciativa Para La Diversidad Sexual de Occidente) Quetzaltenango. El nombre significa la Iniciativa por la Diversidad Sexual en el Oeste - es decir, en la parte occidental de Guatemala, no "el Occidente".Mi amigo JT, un pastor que ha trabajado con el movimiento por la diversidad sexual, y Humberto, quien fue la persona que me había dicho sobre la marcha de 11 de junio en el primer lugar, se habían reunido después de mi partida en ese fin de semana Rosh Hashonah, y comenzó a para hablar de esto, y por lo tanto Humberto me había llamado y le dije que había llegado a Xela y otra vez hablamos pudo. Es un poco más de dos horas si voy a través de Totonicapán, y he llegado a sentir muy cómodo estrellarse en la casa de Humberto. Su hija se ha desarrollado mucho cariño para mí, y la familia es tan fácil de llevar que me siento como en casa (y que me han permitido saber que estoy siempre bienvenida - incluso después de utilizar casi todas las ollas en la cocina). Y ahí están las atracciones extras, por ejemplo conseguir la incomparable ligera y justo bastante salado-foccaccia en Xelapan (una cadena de panaderías / restaurantes que descubrí una vez, cuando Jeanet y yo tenía que ir a recoger el equipo de la radio), y conseguir las verdaderamente deliciosas pupusas en Pupusawa. Yo hago pupusas de queso una vez por semana, pero mi estufa no hace mucho calor y todavía no estoy bien dándoles palmaditas a cabo tan delgada como me gustan, así que mientras que los que hago son muy sabrosas, palidecen en comparación con los que están de venta en Pupusawa.Había casi constante lluvia casi toda la semana, incluyendo los grandes deslizamientos de tierra, deslaves, derrumbes de carreteras, inundaciones y muertes por todas las anteriores, así que decidí no ir en coche a Xela en la tarde del viernes (que era mi plan original). No logré moverme muy temprano el sábado, pero dejó alrededor de las 10:30. Una idea había sido tratar de llegar a San Marcos, que está a unos 40 minutos de Xela, para conocer a alguien de la estación de radio allí. Eso habría sido bastante fácil si me hubiera ido a Xela el viernes, pero apretando en que antes de una reunión pm 1 en Xela habría significado dejar muy pronto. He estado luchando contra un resfriado durante varios días, y aunque yo estaba triste al saber que me había perdido una oportunidad para pasar el rato con mis amigos la noche del viernes, varios de ellos se habían reunido para beber y comer juntos. Pero es probable que sea mejor para mi salud a largo plazo que me quedé aquí y tiene algo de descanso y irme por la mañana. Yo había llamado a Provial, el organismo encargado de las carreteras, y descubrí que la carretera que va a través de Totonicapán (es probable que tenga un número, pero nunca he visto una señal en el camino diciendo lo que es, y todo el mundo sólo se refiere a él como "la carretera que va de Quiché a Toto") era pasable.El viaje me dio una gran oportunidad para reflexionar sobre la belleza salvaje y, a veces dura del país, el aislamiento de las comunidades rurales (el camino que utilizo tiene muy poco tráfico la mayor parte del tiempo, lo que significa que tengo un montón de tiempo para meditar) , y de la estupidez y la corrupción del gobierno, y la mala planificación que va a hacer las carreteras. Había un montón de pequeños derrumbes a lo largo de la carretera, la mayoría de ellos nada del otro mundo. Sólo un árbol o dos, un par de fanegas de tierra y ripio, la difusión a través de la carretera. Pero hay una parte de la carretera que se curva alrededor de un empinado barranco, y se produjo un deslizamiento de tierra muy importantes / avalancha. Hubo una excavadora a cabo, y algunos camiones y el tráfico (como lo era) fue detenido mientras esperábamos a que los camiones y los arados para eliminar parte de los restos de lo que podía pasar. Hay una sección más allá de este deslizamiento de tierra, a unos 25-30 metros, donde uno de los carriles de la carretera se ha colapsado, ha sido así desde que comencé a usar esta vía hace unas semanas, así que no sé cuando eso sucedió.Recogí Humberto y fuimos a la casa de JT y entonces comenzaron a diseñar sus planes. El diplomado fue sólo un precursor de algo más grande y más ambicioso. Ellos querían iniciar una "universidad libre", un lugar que ofreciera un tipo de educación que no estaba disponible en las instituciones de educación superior en Guatemala. Según ellos, la mayoría de las universidades tienen programas bastante rígidos y la mayoría de los instructores que se acerca bastante rígida a la pedagogía. No promueven el pensamiento crítico y múltiples puntos de vista y el debate. Además, hay personas que no pueden permitirse el lujo de ir a la escuela. Por lo que su idea era comenzar algo que atrajera a los que quieren algo más provocativo y de mente abierta que lo que se sirve en las universidades, y que también atraen a los jóvenes que no estudian en la actualidad.A medida que mordimos en los chips de tortilla y cuchifritos y plátanos maduros (sí, se trataba básicamente de toda la grasa y almidón), salpicado con sorbos de Flor de Caña y Seltzer, les conté sobre mi experiencia con la Escuela Marxista de Nueva York / Brecht Forum y el tipo de espacio alternativo que habíamos creado durante los últimos treinta y cinco años, y también en mi enfoque de la pedagogía en el contexto universitario, que es resistirse a dar a los estudiantes respuestas fáciles, sino alentar / empujarlos a hacer sus propias exploraciones. Casi al mismo tiempo, JT mencionó la educación popular y yo mencioné Paolo Freire. Así que JT se fue a su masiva estanterías y sacó una pila de libros de Freire, y empezamos a hojear a través de ellos y hablar de cómo podemos poner en práctica estos enfoques. JT mencionó sus experiencias haciendo el trabajo de alfabetización en Nicaragua durante la lucha sandinista, y básicamente nosotros mismos nos recargabamos. Se habló de que podría ser incorporado como colaboradores y aliados, y que sería el público objetivo como estudiantes potenciales. En un principio íbamos a llegar a Idso Quetzaltenango, la organización de la diversidad sexual, Radio Doble Vía (que está a cargo de los jóvenes) y otra organización, para establecer el diplomado en primer lugar.Hablamos de tiempo: sin ser demasiado inmodesto, yo dije que pensaba que valdría la pena aprovechar el hecho de que yo estaba en el país y ponerlo en marcha antes de salir, por lo que significaría noviembre o diciembre. Me dijo que ya estaba llegando a Xela el 1 de diciembre para el primer aniversario de Idso, y que me había pedido que diera una charla sobre el movimiento de derechos gay en los EE.UU., por lo que podría ser un punto de partida.Yo hice una sugerencia que reformular el diplomado primero como sobre el género y la sexualidad (y en que podemos hablar de diversidad sexual) para que sea más atractivo para la gente más allá de la comunidad de la diversidad sexual (yo estaba pensando específicamente en la manera de atraer amás las mujeres). También hablamos sobre cómo podemos dar a la gente alguna certificación o diploma real para completar el curso (o cursos en el futuro) de manera que parece como si se tratara de una inversión que vale la pena su tiempo. Por lo tanto, van a empezar a hablar con los colaboradores y el público durante la próxima semana. Según ellos, sería posible establecer esto como una institución acreditada privado a través del Ministerio de Educación (supongo que las normas de concesión de licencias para los establecimientos privados son muy flexibles), lo que podría convertirse en una escuela alternativa real que otorgan títulos de algún tipo.También hablamos acerca de cómo conectar la universidad libre con el trabajo que hacemos en la radio comunitaria. Sugerí que uno de los proyectos podría ser la creación de un archivo de historia de la comunidad, para que los estudiantes podían hacer historias orales de personas, especialmente los mayores, en sus comunidades - una forma para preservar y transmitir las historias y tradiciones culturales, y también está reuniendo algunos de los las historias no contadas del conflicto armado. Esto podría ser un proyecto "por crédito" para una clase, sino también algo independiente. Me puse muy entusiasmada con esto, porque creo que podría ser financiable. Estaba pensando en los proyectos de Firefox en los Apalaches (y traté de explicar a las formas en que los Apalaches es el "tercer mundo" de los Estados Unidos, muy similar a la posición cultural / económico que el altiplano ocupa en relación con el resto de Guatemala). Yo también estaba pensando en el trabajo que mi amiga Susan Perlstein ha hecho con el grupo que ella fundó, Mayores Comparten las Artes, que vincula a los jóvenes y los ancianos de sus comunidades, para recoger historias y experiencias y convertirlas en arte.Entonces, la mañana siguiente, fui a dar un largo desayuno, tranquilo con mi amigo JLR - un buen amigo de ambos y Humberto J y parte de mi pequeña "posse" en Xela. Tenía la esperanza de que él sería capaz de venir a Humberto, el sábado y pasar el rato (y ayudar a trabajar en la kuxa), pero la lluvia hizo imposible ya que tiene una moto, no un coche. Sobre los huevos, pan fresco, recién exprimido jugo de naranja y el más fuerte de café regular que he estado servido en Guatemala, mencioné la idea de la universidad libre de él (aunque él no era parte del grupo de planificación inicial, ya que todos somos buenos amigos y compañeros, pensé que iba a encontrar muy interesante). Él me mencionó que el viernes por la noche, él y Humberto y BC, otro miembro de nuestra pandilla, había estado hablando sobre el establecimiento de una estación de radio comunitaria en Olintepeque, un pequeño pueblo cerca de Xela, que es donde vive y JL donde él y BC creció. Le sugerí que deberíamos pensar en formas de conectar la universidad libre con esta nueva estación de radio sea posible, y tal vez tratar de recaudar fondos para ellos juntos.El siguiente paso es la elaboración de una propuesta breve, y se reúnen para esbozar un plan de trabajo, y luego comenzar a subir un poco de dinero. Creo que mi papel en todo esto será para enviar recordatorios, tratar de empujar y estimular a que el proceso avance, y también buscar el dinero - probablemente a través de Kickstarter, una especie de llamamiento directo a través de Internet, y algunas propuestas a las fundaciones (de cualquier de ustedes por ahí leyendo esto, si tienes ideas, por favor envíelas!)Otro pedacito de esto es una conversación que tuve con el BC un par de semanas atrás, en el que sugería que deberíamos tratar de arreglar para que alguien de la radio comunitaria - una de las estaciones establecidas, es decir - para visitar el de los Estados Unidos. Dijo que había tenido buena suerte en ayudar a las personas obtener visas (y he dicho que yo había tenido éxito en la organización de una visa a través de algunos de la universidad). El principal obstáculo sería la recaudación de dinero para esto, y averiguar si la persona se vaya. Mi idea era encontrar universidades con emisoras de radio buena, ubicados en zonas que están cerca de las estaciones de radio comunitarias buena, o cerca de las comunidades guatemaltecas de los inmigrantes. De esta manera, la universidad podrían pagar a la persona a dar una charla o un taller, y entonces él o ella sería cerca de áreas donde nos gustaría que él / ella a visitar (ya que las estaciones de radio comunitarias que probablemente no tendría los recursos para traer a alguien de Guatemala). Hablé con una amiga que ha estado trabajando en Guatemala desde hace muchos años, que vive en el oeste de Massachusetts, que tiene muy entusiasmados con esto, así que espero que será capaz de hacer que esto suceda.Por lo tanto, esto parecía ser una de esas convergencias cósmica: todas estas líneas independientes se superponen y se entrecruzan, al parecer, de manera interesante, y espero que podamos tejer o trenzar juntos en algo duradero. -Y yo tengo mi plato lleno de, oh, digamos, los próximos cinco años, por lo menos. Esta reúne a muchos de mis intereses (los medios de comunicación, el trabajo comunitario, educación), y me empezó a dar vueltas a las posibles conexiones - con Brecht, con mi universidad, con los antiguos compañeros de la Alianza para la Democracia Cultural y de otros grupos que saben mucho más sobre los medios de comunicación y la radio comunitaria en los EE.UU. que yo ....De ahí la petición a principios de este blog: me recuerda que tengo suficiente trabajo en Guatemala para mantenerme ocupado durante mucho tiempo, mucho tiempo ... y que debe ser cuidadoso de hacer cualquier compromiso adicional. Pero mientras tanto, estoy muy cargado con toda esta energía buena - y parece que Xela será una de mis bases cuando vuelva el año que viene. Todo bien, me encanta la ciudad, me encanta mis amigos allí, y luego está la ventaja adicional de tener acceso sin restricciones a los foccaccias esponjosas y las "se derrite en tu boca" pupusas. Órale!
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